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Research Subject

September 26, 2018 by Jim Potter 16 Comments

https://jimpotterauthor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Research-Subject-Mo-Yoder.m4a

·  Mo Yoder  ·

Mo Yoder, 1962-63

When I first learned that Mo Yoder, Buhler, Kansas, had been a research subject involved in testing by the military during the Vietnam War, I had a bad feeling.

That’s because I recalled hearing stories of soldiers unknowingly being used as human guinea pigs while experiments were done on them testing hallucinogenic drugs.

I shuddered at the thought, but I wanted to talk to him about his experience.

Mo graciously agreed to be interviewed about his one and one-half year adventure that took place during 1964-65 while he and other conscientious objectors (COs) were research subjects at the US Army Medical Research and Nutrition Laboratory, Fitzsimons General Hospital, in Denver, Colorado.

Before asking Mo about the tests that had been performed on him after he volunteered for this duty, I wanted to understand his options back in 1964. I mean, I’m an organ donor but I’ll do that upon my death. I’m unlikely to offer my body to science until then.

This five-year-old Amish boy, Marlin Yoder, Belleville, PA, (1947) later known as “Mo,” was the ninth of twelve children.

To understand how Yoder chose to volunteer to be a research subject, it helps to look at his upbringing. Born and raised in Pennsylvania of Amish descent, and later becoming Mennonite, meant Mo was surrounded by a church community whose creed and principals forbade its members from taking part in war.

Yoder set off for Kansas to follow the wheat harvest at age eighteen. Four years later he traveled by train from McPherson to Kansas City for his government induction physical—which he passed.

At the time, most Mennonite COs chose to work in hospitals for their two-year obligation, but Yoder wasn’t intrigued by that. A hospital job was too ordinary for him, too much like a regular job. After Yoder learned from a minister about the opportunity to contribute to medical science by being a research subject, he was up for the challenge.

As mentioned earlier, the research program took place in Denver. It was on a military campus run by the Army in conjunction with the University of Colorado. The work was usually seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. And because of this, the volunteers fulfilled their obligation six months earlier than the hospital orderlies who worked regular shifts.

All the tests were diet related. The first one was a high-gluten diet. Mo recalled the six week experiment: “I gained weight like a pig. They fed us well, lot to eat. We had to eat it all. Everything was monitored. We had to save everything that came out.”

“Save?” I asked for clarification.

Sure enough, Mo explained that everything was monitored which meant trips to town were a bit unusual. Mo and other test subjects would go into the men’s bathroom, excrete in a plastic bottle they carried with them, and walk out.

The nutrition and metabolism research project carried out in the Metabolic Ward was “designed to achieve complete control over the test subjects’ diet, fluid intake, activity, and to assure complete collections of excretory products.” (See link for more information about the program and footnotes. The Metabolic Ward)

“On one experiment they gave us a card to carry to prove we weren’t druggies, we had so many marks in our arms,” said Mo.

I asked Mo if his body had time to recover between tests. He explained that at the end of each experiment the men would take capsules that had a red dye. Once they passed the red dye in a stool then the men got time off. Sometimes, especially at Christmas, Yoder had the opportunity to return to Kansas. Since he owned his own car, he could hit the road and return to see the Inman gal he was dating, Karen Ann Kroeker.

Mo Yoder, research subject, walks on a treadmill during one of the studies at the US Army Medical Research and Nutrition Laboratory at Fitzsimons General Hospital, Denver, CO, in 1965. Photo from “The Stethoscope” newsletter.

Yoder also emphasized that the program required the men to get daily exercise. They walked hundreds of miles on the treadmill machine and played a lot of ping-pong and volleyball. Mo said he can still hear the words today: “Okay guys, get out there; you’ve got to play volleyball!”

Have you ever heard of someone having a Vitamin B6 deficiency? The potential dangers are many. To me, the most notable signs and symptoms include: mood changes that can contribute to depression, anxiety, irritability and increased feelings of pain; seizures; and high blood pressure levels which can ultimately lead to heart disease and stroke.

Yoder recalled that “during this Vitamin B6 deficiency test the monitor took our car keys away from us because they wouldn’t let us drive.” Mo said that at one point in the test he “flew off the handle pretty good. I was irritated at a guy and I was going to pick up a chair and hit him.”

“Did you?” I asked.

“I guess I calmed down,” Mo replied.

The most memorable study for Yoder utilized a high altitude chamber to determine how well the subjects could adjust to the sudden changes in altitude. After being flown to San Antonio, Texas, the tests were monitored at Fort Sam Houston.

This diet-related test took place while the test subjects were on a Coffeemate and Metrecal liquid diet. They had mixed teams of COs and GIs enter a high altitude chamber at three different elevations (6,000′, 11,000′, and 15,000′) for 48-hour periods.

After the GIs completed the lowest altitude they started congratulating one another, but by the end of the highest altitude they were promising each other to never volunteer again.

The first six hours at 15,000 feet were uneventful for Yoder but the remaining period of time he had a splitting headache. Another subject developed fluid in his lungs. Fortunately, the subjects were monitored by physicians and psychiatrists.

When Yoder felt his worst, the monitor asked him how he would respond to the enemy. Mo replied: “I’d let them get me.”

One visibly odd test required each man to swallow a tube so that one end remained temporarily in the small intestine. It was used to extract specimens for biopsies. When the men walked around in public with their tubes hanging out of their mouths, they must have been a sight! I wonder if they got a break from playing volleyball.

It’s safe to say that with the exception of the high altitude tests, the others were pretty dull and monotonous. But someone had to do it. Whether it was eating food with the taste and consistency of refined sawdust (Avocel) for a nine-week stretch, or eating unsalted food for two weeks, Yoder was disciplined and dedicated.

If you think Yoder’s alternative service stint was a piece of cake, consider this: When was the last time someone else decided what you were going to eat for meal after meal? Do you always eat all the food on your plate, including the crumbs? What if you were required to get up every day for an hour of exercise? Would you do it? How long would you relish getting poked for blood tests every day even when you weren’t feeling well? Though the research subjects had breaks from the testing and observation, the nearly constant monitoring took people with a strong state-of-mind. 

A month after completing his year-and-a-half commitment, Mo made a life-long one. Newlyweds, Karen (Kroeker) and Mo Yoder, January 1, 1966

I was surprised, yet pleased to learn from Yoder that COs were treated with the greatest respect during their entire eighteen months of alternative service. U.S. colonels, well-known scientists, and high ranking officials from all over the world visited the ward. The experimental studies were of international importance. 

Mo summed up his thought process: “By testing things on me, the doctors might be able to discover something which would benefit others. It was a great experience. If you can contribute to mankind, that’s all well and good.”

And fortunately for Mo there have been no negative physical problems due to his time as a human guinea pig some fifty-four years ago although, with an infectious laugh, he claims “that’s the reason I am the way I am.”

Now that I know Mo’s story, I thank him for his service.  

Until next time, happy writing and reading!

 

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Filed Under: Blog posts Tagged With: alternative service, Belleville PA, Buhler KS, conscientious objector, deprivation diet, Fitzsimons General Hospital, high altitude testing, Jim Potter, Karen Kroeker, Karen Kroeker Yoder, Marlin Yoder, Mennonite COs, Metabolic Ward, Mo Yoder, research subject, University of Colorado, US Army Medical Research and Nutrition Laboratory

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Reader Interactions

Comments

  1. AvatarTom says

    September 26, 2018 at 8:58 pm

    That was a great story about Mo. I have heard about other veterans used as guinea pigs but I have never met one. Keep up the good work. Tom

    Reply
    • Jim PotterJim Potter says

      September 26, 2018 at 9:04 pm

      Tom, thanks for your encouragement. I was hoping you wouldn’t hold any ill will towards Mo. I like to think that everyone was just doing their best during an incredibly difficult time. Thank you for your military service. Jim

      Reply
  2. AvatarAnonymous says

    September 26, 2018 at 8:59 pm

    Nice blog today. Interesting character.

    Reply
    • Jim PotterJim Potter says

      September 26, 2018 at 9:05 pm

      Yes, Mo sure is interesting! The stories we have to tell.

      Reply
  3. AvatarLinda says

    September 26, 2018 at 9:00 pm

    My husband was a CO. Mennonite and Amish don’t believe in going to war.

    Reply
    • Jim PotterJim Potter says

      September 26, 2018 at 9:05 pm

      Linda, do you know if he had an interview in order to obtain his CO status?

      Reply
  4. AvatarRachel says

    September 26, 2018 at 9:18 pm

    Your article reminded me of a book I read a few years ago about the harrowing “starvation experiment” that was done in the mid 1940s with World War II era conscientious objectors at the University of Minnesota, in conjunction with military researchers. If you have not read this book, I recommend it as a comparison/contrast source for what you were able to learn from Mo about his experiences in Denver two decades later.
    The book is titled, The Great Starvation Experiment, author Todd Tucker, University of Minnesota Press.

    Reply
    • Jim PotterJim Potter says

      September 26, 2018 at 9:20 pm

      Rachel, thanks for your feedback. I just ordered the book. It sounds fascinating! Jim

      Reply
  5. AvatarPhilip Wood says

    September 27, 2018 at 10:13 pm

    Interesting story. You should do more like this.

    Reply
    • Jim PotterJim Potter says

      September 28, 2018 at 8:17 am

      Thanks for your encouragement, Phil!

      Reply
  6. AvatarShara says

    September 28, 2018 at 9:21 am

    Thanks for the story…It was insightful.

    Reply
    • Jim PotterJim Potter says

      September 28, 2018 at 9:23 am

      Thanks for your encouragement, Shara.

      Reply
  7. AvatarSean says

    September 29, 2018 at 5:57 pm

    Hi Jim, interesting blog about Mo. It must have been a fairly scary situation even if he did have plenty to eat. Good for him for doing it. Sean

    Reply
    • Jim PotterJim Potter says

      September 29, 2018 at 6:05 pm

      Sean, I learned that there’s a big difference between having enough of something to eat and having appetizing meals to eat. Mo said they each had a rubber spatula to make sure they ate all the crumbs as part of the dietary study. But agreed, much better than a starvation diet. Jim

      Reply
  8. Avatarlewis schmidt says

    January 17, 2019 at 5:27 pm

    Good work Jim. Mo was a good subject and well known in this area. A man of high integrity and role model for many who know him. I think it is that integrity that would be very important in carrying out experiments that some one else designs. How tempting it would be to cheat. Lewis

    Reply
    • Jim PotterJim Potter says

      January 17, 2019 at 6:54 pm

      Lewis, I absolutely agree! Mo is the greatest guy. He’s a joy to be around. A brief phone call can easily turn into a phone marathon. And you’re right. Mo was totally dedicated to helping mankind during his research. He wanted to help improve the world by his sacrifice. I’m lucky to count him as a friend. Jim

      Reply

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What People Are Saying

Sean McArdle

Retired police officer Potter’s novel centres on very disparate characters and through the tried and tested means of gradually introducing each one, builds a sense of anticipation about what is going to happen to them. This often used methodology is not easy to do well but is superbly handled by Potter who knows how to give enough detail to bring the characters to life, yet not too much so as to slow down the pace of the developing story. A climactic event affects the main characters and it is at this point Potter’s deep knowledge of people and police procedures really hits home; page by page we read how a seemingly simple, though terrible occurrence, can have huge consequences. To Potter’s credit the story does not have a completely conclusive or simplistic ending. Instead it leaves the reader thinking about how the events of a single minute can affect lives forever. I would whole heartedly recommend this book not as a crime novel or even as a novel about crime but as a beautiful and positive affirmation about what it is to be human and how ultimately it is relationships which matter more than events.

Sean McArdle, Winchester, England

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:24:22-06:00

Sean McArdle, Winchester, England

Retired police officer Potter’s novel centres on very disparate characters and through the tried and tested means of gradually introducing each one, builds a sense of anticipation about what is going to happen to them. This often used methodology is not easy to do well but is superbly handled by Potter who knows how to give enough detail to bring the characters to life, yet not too much so as to slow down the pace of the developing story. A climactic event affects the main characters and it is at this point Potter’s deep knowledge of people and police procedures really hits home; page by page we read how a seemingly simple, though terrible occurrence, can have huge consequences. To Potter’s credit the story does not have a completely conclusive or simplistic ending. Instead it leaves the reader thinking about how the events of a single minute can affect lives forever. I would whole heartedly recommend this book not as a crime novel or even as a novel about crime but as a beautiful and positive affirmation about what it is to be human and how ultimately it is relationships which matter more than events.
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/sean-mcardle/

Rebecca

Taking Back the Bullet is an emotional, yet captivating novel. Jim Potter does a superb job of intertwining each character and putting their individual identities on display. All law enforcement storylines are a true reflection of Potter’s years as a police officer because they are realistic and relatable. This is a book I highly recommend.

Rebecca from Proud Police Wife

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T11:41:14-06:00

Rebecca from Proud Police Wife

Taking Back the Bullet is an emotional, yet captivating novel. Jim Potter does a superb job of intertwining each character and putting their individual identities on display. All law enforcement storylines are a true reflection of Potter’s years as a police officer because they are realistic and relatable. This is a book I highly recommend.
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/rebecca/

Wynona Winn

Three main characters walk different paths but with the same destination – each coping with his or her self-discovery, self-identity, and self-realization. Much like their earlier counterparts – Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield – their journeys are often joyous, often tedious and often tragic.

Wynona Winn, PhD, retired school superintendent

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:18:33-06:00

Wynona Winn, PhD, retired school superintendent

Three main characters walk different paths but with the same destination – each coping with his or her self-discovery, self-identity, and self-realization. Much like their earlier counterparts – Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield – their journeys are often joyous, often tedious and often tragic.
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/wynona-winn/

Denise Low

Jim Potter is a cop, retired, but he brings deep understanding of this job to his novel Taking Back the Bullet: Trajectories of Self-Discovery. This layered novel has literary dimensions as characters explore crisis situations. Congratulations to this fine writer for his debut novel.

Denise Low, author of Jackalope (Red Mountain Press)

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T11:31:21-06:00

Denise Low, author of Jackalope (Red Mountain Press)

Jim Potter is a cop, retired, but he brings deep understanding of this job to his novel Taking Back the Bullet: Trajectories of Self-Discovery. This layered novel has literary dimensions as characters explore crisis situations. Congratulations to this fine writer for his debut novel.
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/denise-low/

Larry Kruckman

Jim Potter displays ethnographic skills in Taking Back the Bullet: Trajectories of Self-Discovery, creating vivid scenes and fascinating characters. The Greeks had a word for subcultures and people’s behavior: ‘ethos,’ or ‘ways of being.’ In colorful, sometimes marvelous detail, this novel captures various people and settings . . . the ethos of rural Kansas: a jail, art fair, powwow, rehab center, courtroom, albinos, and even someone in the throes of postpartum depression. So detailed are the descriptions that they must be drawn from the author’s personal experience. Besides the artfully created characters such as the struggling jailer and husband Tom Jennings, local artist Jesse Thomas, and Native American Joe Morningcloud, there is a tight story line that grabs your attention and won’t let go. Human tensions, love, conflict, joys and sorrows are all there. Magically, all the many pieces come together in a final crescendo, giving hope that even when we find ourselves in big trouble we can survive. This is a novel I highly recommend!

Larry Kruckman, Anthropologist

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:27:15-06:00

Larry Kruckman, Anthropologist

Jim Potter displays ethnographic skills in Taking Back the Bullet: Trajectories of Self-Discovery, creating vivid scenes and fascinating characters. The Greeks had a word for subcultures and people’s behavior: ‘ethos,’ or ‘ways of being.’ In colorful, sometimes marvelous detail, this novel captures various people and settings . . . the ethos of rural Kansas: a jail, art fair, powwow, rehab center, courtroom, albinos, and even someone in the throes of postpartum depression. So detailed are the descriptions that they must be drawn from the author’s personal experience. Besides the artfully created characters such as the struggling jailer and husband Tom Jennings, local artist Jesse Thomas, and Native American Joe Morningcloud, there is a tight story line that grabs your attention and won’t let go. Human tensions, love, conflict, joys and sorrows are all there. Magically, all the many pieces come together in a final crescendo, giving hope that even when we find ourselves in big trouble we can survive. This is a novel I highly recommend!
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/larry-kruckman/

Deb Theis

Jim Potter has done it again! After his book, Cop in the Classroom: Lessons I’ve Learned, Tales I’ve Told, Jim has written another great work. In Taking Back the Bullet: Trajectories of Self-Discovery, Jim Potter takes us on an insightful journey into the lives and relationships of numerous characters. Jim is such a talented storyteller that the reader quickly becomes immersed and has a ‘bonding experience’ with each of the characters, feeling their joy, fear, passion and pain. Jim’s novel speaks to the empowerment of persistence with the characters as they work through their trials. As a therapist, I appreciated the heartfelt struggles from each of the characters and their diversity. I also found value in the novel’s understanding of society’s misunderstanding of both mental health and other conditions in which people struggle. The novel contains rich exposure to various realities that many of us do not know about . . . but should. When I finished this captivating novel, I was wanting to read the sequel! It was an honor and a wonderful, mesmerizing experience reading this book. Congratulations, Jim!

Deb Theis, LSCSW, clinical therapist/hypnotherapist

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:20:29-06:00

Deb Theis, LSCSW, clinical therapist/hypnotherapist

Jim Potter has done it again! After his book, Cop in the Classroom: Lessons I’ve Learned, Tales I’ve Told, Jim has written another great work. In Taking Back the Bullet: Trajectories of Self-Discovery, Jim Potter takes us on an insightful journey into the lives and relationships of numerous characters. Jim is such a talented storyteller that the reader quickly becomes immersed and has a ‘bonding experience’ with each of the characters, feeling their joy, fear, passion and pain. Jim’s novel speaks to the empowerment of persistence with the characters as they work through their trials. As a therapist, I appreciated the heartfelt struggles from each of the characters and their diversity. I also found value in the novel’s understanding of society’s misunderstanding of both mental health and other conditions in which people struggle. The novel contains rich exposure to various realities that many of us do not know about . . . but should. When I finished this captivating novel, I was wanting to read the sequel! It was an honor and a wonderful, mesmerizing experience reading this book. Congratulations, Jim!
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/deb-theis/

John & Cindy Morrill

I enjoyed your book. When I am looking for a new read, I always read the first page, last page and choose a random page somewhere in the middle before I decide to buy it. You had me on all three pages. I also like reading a book where you can relate to the characters and the settings in which they live and work. It makes a story more realistic if you can say, I am familiar with the area; I know where that town is or I have traveled that street. It was easy to relate to the characters. In one way or another, I have met them all somewhere in my journeys

John & Cindy Morrill, 20 years Air Force retired, 17 years law enforcement

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:14:56-06:00

John & Cindy Morrill, 20 years Air Force retired, 17 years law enforcement

I enjoyed your book. When I am looking for a new read, I always read the first page, last page and choose a random page somewhere in the middle before I decide to buy it. You had me on all three pages. I also like reading a book where you can relate to the characters and the settings in which they live and work. It makes a story more realistic if you can say, I am familiar with the area; I know where that town is or I have traveled that street. It was easy to relate to the characters. In one way or another, I have met them all somewhere in my journeys
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/john-cindy-morrill/

Morgan Penner

Taking Back the Bullet is a novel that provides the reader with a window into the world of law enforcement. As the novel unfolds, the reader is able to see how split-second decisions alter the lives of the main characters in the story. Taking Back the Bullet also explores how humanity is impacted by mental illness. One of my favorite quotes from Taking Back the Bullet is “We’re all just a critical moment from being disabled or mentally ill, and we don’t want to think about it.” The novel also provides the reader an opportunity to gain a better understanding of how mental illness impacts the individuals, their family, friends, and society. Taking Back the Bullet is a story of forgiveness and overcoming life’s struggles and tragedies.

Morgan Penner

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:25:35-06:00

Morgan Penner

Taking Back the Bullet is a novel that provides the reader with a window into the world of law enforcement. As the novel unfolds, the reader is able to see how split-second decisions alter the lives of the main characters in the story. Taking Back the Bullet also explores how humanity is impacted by mental illness. One of my favorite quotes from Taking Back the Bullet is “We’re all just a critical moment from being disabled or mentally ill, and we don’t want to think about it.” The novel also provides the reader an opportunity to gain a better understanding of how mental illness impacts the individuals, their family, friends, and society. Taking Back the Bullet is a story of forgiveness and overcoming life’s struggles and tragedies.
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/morgan-penner/

Dennis Perrin

Masterful storytelling, exquisite character development, so real as to HURT and HOPE, a real page turner. Begs for stage, screenwriters, and visual episodic development a.k.a. TV series . . . Thanks Jim Potter for telling it like it is AND providing us visions of how it could be. Well done!

Dennis Perrin, educator

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T11:44:55-06:00

Dennis Perrin, educator

Masterful storytelling, exquisite character development, so real as to HURT and HOPE, a real page turner. Begs for stage, screenwriters, and visual episodic development a.k.a. TV series . . . Thanks Jim Potter for telling it like it is AND providing us visions of how it could be. Well done!
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/dennis-perrin/

Rebecca Schillaci

As a former law enforcement officer, I found the story very relatable as it details the life of a law enforcement officer and the struggles some face throughout their careers. . . Taking Back the Bullet is a journey of understanding, respect, and forgiveness . . .

Rebecca Schillaci

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T11:46:40-06:00

Rebecca Schillaci

As a former law enforcement officer, I found the story very relatable as it details the life of a law enforcement officer and the struggles some face throughout their careers. . . Taking Back the Bullet is a journey of understanding, respect, and forgiveness . . .
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/rebecca-schillaci/

Sheryl Remar

I enjoyed the different stories of this book because Tom, James, and Suanna, the three main characters, represent in their own way the different struggles with themselves and society’s idea of what is normal.

Sheryl Remar

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T11:47:46-06:00

Sheryl Remar

I enjoyed the different stories of this book because Tom, James, and Suanna, the three main characters, represent in their own way the different struggles with themselves and society’s idea of what is normal.
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/sheryl-remar/

Jane Holzrichter

I finished it last night around midnight. What a great piece of work. It kept me intrigued all the way to the end.

Jane Holzrichter

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:21:41-06:00

Jane Holzrichter

I finished it last night around midnight. What a great piece of work. It kept me intrigued all the way to the end.
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/jane-holzrichter/

Steve Becker

I’m impressed. It was an excellent read. . . . I hope you continue with more projects in the future.

Steve Becker

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:26:21-06:00

Steve Becker

I’m impressed. It was an excellent read. . . . I hope you continue with more projects in the future.
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/steve-becker/

Diana Dester

Good story line, building the characters along the way. Great job!

Diana Dester

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:19:23-06:00

Diana Dester

Good story line, building the characters along the way. Great job!
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/diana-dester/

Karleen Wilson-Moon

Terrific story relevant to today’s social issues . . . well written . . . likable characters . . . insightful perspective from an insider in law enforcement.

Karleen Wilson-Moon

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:44:26-06:00

Karleen Wilson-Moon

Terrific story relevant to today’s social issues . . . well written . . . likable characters . . . insightful perspective from an insider in law enforcement.
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/karleen-wilson-moon/

Judy Hawk

. . . I was impressed with the Native American information as well as the depth of character development . . . .

Judy Hawk

Sandhenge Publications
5
2017-11-17T18:15:48-06:00

Judy Hawk

. . . I was impressed with the Native American information as well as the depth of character development . . . .
https://jimpotterauthor.com/testimonials/judy-hawk/
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